| Economy - overview | Panama's dollarized economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for three-fourths of GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, banking, the Colon Free Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. A slump in the Colon Free Zone and agricultural exports, the global slowdown, and the withdrawal of US military forces held back economic growth in 2000-03; growth picked up in 2004-06 led by export-oriented services and a construction boom stimulated by tax incentives. The government has implemented tax reforms, as well as social security reforms, and backs regional trade agreements and development of tourism. Unemployment remains high. In October 2006, voters passed a referendum to expand the Panama Canal to accommodate ships that are now too large to transverse the transoceanic crossway. Not a CAFTA signatory, Panama in December 2006 independently negotiated a free trade agreement with the US, which, when implemented, will help promote the country's economic growth. |
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| GDP | 1% (2006) |
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| GDP - real growth rate | 8.1% (2006 est.) |
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| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 7.2%
industry: 16.4%
services: 76.4% (2006 est.) |
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| Population below poverty line | 37% (1999 est.) |
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Household income or consumption
by percentage share | lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 35.7% (1997) |
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Distribution of family income
- Gini index | 56.4 (2000) |
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| Labor force | 1.441 million
note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor (2006 est.) |
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| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 20.8%
industry: 18%
services: 61.2% (1995 est.) |
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| Unemployment rate | 8.8% (2006 est.) |
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| Budget | revenues: $4.157 billion
expenditures: $4.489 billion; including capital expenditures of $471 million (2006 est.) |
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| Industries | construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling |
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| Industrial production growth rate | 3% (2006 est.) |
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Electricity -
production | 7.545 billion kWh (2004) |
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Electricity -
production by source | fossil fuel: 37%
hydro: 61.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.7% (2001) |
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Electricity -
consumption | 6.888 billion kWh (2004) |
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Electricity -
exports | 207 million kWh (2004) |
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Electricity -
imports | 78 million kWh (2004) |
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| Oil - production | 0 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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| Oil - consumption | 79,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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| Oil - exports | NA bbl/day |
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| Oil - imports | NA bbl/day |
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| Agriculture - products | bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock; shrimp |
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| Exports | $8.087 billion f.o.b.; note - includes the Colon Free Zone (2006 est.) |
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| Exports - commodities | bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing |
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| Exports - partners | US 44.9%, Spain 8.9%, Sweden 5.6%, Netherlands 4.9%, Costa Rica 4% (2005) |
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| Imports | $9.365 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2006 est.) |
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| Imports - commodities | capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals |
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| Imports - partners | US 27.5%, Netherlands Antilles 11.4%, Costa Rica 4.7%, Japan 4.5% (2005) |
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| Debt - external | $9.993 billion (2006 est.) |
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| Economic aid - recipient | $197.1 million (1995) |
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| Currency code | PAB; USD |
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| Exchange rates | balboas per US dollar - 1 (2006), 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1 (2002) |
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| Fiscal year | calendar year |
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